The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 Elinor Ostrom Oliver E. Williamson

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009













"For her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" The Nobel committee.

Elinor Ostrom
the United Stataes of America, USA
Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA

"For his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm" The Nobel committee.

Oliver E. Williamson
the United Stataes of America, USA
University of California Berkeley, CA, USA

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Carol W. Greider Jack W. Szostak

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009












"For the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" The Nobel committee.

1. Elizabeth H. Blackburn
the United Stataes of America, USA
University of California San Francisco, CA, USA

2. Carol W. Greider
the United Stataes of America, USA
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA

3. Jack W. Szostak
the United Stataes of America, USA
Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009, Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009
Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith.


"For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication",
The Nobel committee.

Charles K. Kao

Standard Telecommunication Laboratories Harlow,
United Kingdom:
Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China.

"For the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD
sensor", The Nobel Committee.

1.Willard S. Boyle
Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA

2.George E. Smith
Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ, USA

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath

"For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome", The Nobel committee.

1. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
United Kingdom
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom

2. Thomas A. Steitz
the United Stataes of America, USA
Yale University New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute

3. Ada E. Yonath
Israel
Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009, Herta Müller

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009, Herta Müller














"Who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed", The Nobel committee

Herta Müller
Germany

The Nobel Peace Prize 2009, Barack Obama

The Nobel Peace Prize 2009, Barack Obama (Barack Hussein Obama II)










"For his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples", The Nobel committee

United States of America, USA
The 44th president of the United States of America

Nobel Prize's History : Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)

Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor who created the dynamite, the Nobel Prizes.

The Nobel Prize, the prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the world for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace, who tried to make the better world.

Alfred Nobel was born October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. His father was an engineer and inventor. In 1842, The Nobel’s family moved to Saint Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad), Russia. In 1850, where his father started a "torpedo" works. Nobel's father sent him abroad to study chemical engineering and when Alfred was 18, he went to the United States to study chemistry for four years. He returned to Sweden in 1863 with his father after the bankruptcy of the family business.

In Sweden, Nobel dedicated to the study of explosives. He was especially interested in nitroglycerin, a highly unstable explosive. During the experiments in nitroglycerin Nobel's brother Emil was killed in an explosion at their factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm in 1864. Few years later, Nobel was discovered the solution to making nitroglycerin safer and easier to handle. He embedded nitroglycerine in silicon, an inert substance. This he patented in 1867 under the name "Dynamite", Nobel’s Dynamite, and was soon known in blasting tunnels, cutting canals and building of railways and roads in the world. Nobel Prize was awarded to invent a number of other explosives.

In the 1870s and 1880s, Nobel founded a network of factories throughout Europe, the production of explosives. In 1894 he bought an ironworks at Bofors in Sweden, the cores of the industry have been known Bofors arms. Although he lived in Paris, Nobel traveled extensively. He continued to work in his laboratory, inventing a number of plastics and the time of his death he had 355 patents.

But one thing that disturb his mind is his "dynamite" have been used in the war or kill the mankind insteed to blasting tunnels, cutting canals and building of railways and roads follow his intention. In November 1895, Nobel signed his last will to create the Nobel Prize. He canceled most of his large fortune annual prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace to create. An economic price was added later.

Nobel died at his home in Italy December 10, 1896th He is buried in Stockholm.